PJ Grammar

English Grammar Lessons Introduction to Sentence Structure The two fundamental parts of every English sentence are the subject and the predicate. A simple sentence can also be described as a group of words expressing a complete thought. Subjects can be described as the component that performs the action described by the Predicate. SUBJECT + PREDICATE = SENTENCE A simple sentence or independent clause must have a verb. A verb shows action or state of being. The subject tells who or what about the verb. SUBJECT + VERB = SENTENCE Sentence Structure Vocabulary The sentence format consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject names the topic and the predicate tells about the subject. A sentence with one subject and one predicate is called a simple sentence. The receiver of actions is called the object. A group of words used as a single value without subject or predicate is called a phrase. A clause is a group of words with a subject and predicate. Principal or independent...

Table of English Tenses tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words Simple Present A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak? ◾action in the present taking placeonce, never or several times ◾facts ◾actions taking place one after another ◾action set by a timetable or schedule  always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If Italk, …) Present Progressive A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking? ◾action taking place in the moment of speaking ◾action taking place only for a limited period of time ◾action arranged for the future  at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now Simple Past A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak? ◾action in the past taking placeonce, never or several times ◾actions taking place one after another ◾action taking place in the middle of another action  yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (...

A few sentences for practice Hello. How are you? Fine. Fine, thank you. Okay, thanks. Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Excuse me. What time is it? It is 2 o'clock. Thank you. My name is John. Do you live here? Yes, I live here. Do you speak English? I speak a little English. Have you lived here long? I have lived here two years. Thank you. Goodbye.  Excuse me.  What time is it?  It is 2 o'clock.  Thank you. Hello, how are you? Fine, thank you. Okay, thanks. Are you sick? No, I am not sick, but I hurt my arm. Is your child sick? No, my child is not sick. Do you live here in the city? Yes, I live here. Do you have a phone?  Yes, I have a phone. May I call you?  Yes, you may call me. Thank you.  Goodbye. Hello, how are you?  / Hi, how are you?  / Hello. / Hi. Fine, thank you.  / Fine, thanks. / Okay, thanks. How are you?  / Fine, thanks. And you? Do you live here?...

Telephoning in English includes learning a number of special phrases, as well as focusing on listening skills. Some of the most important phrases include how to answer the phone, how to ask for others, how to connect, and how to take messages. Start with Role Playing Begin by learning important telephone English with the dialogue below. Here is a short telephone conversation with some of the key phrases: Operator: Hello, Frank and Brothers, How can I help you? Peter: This is Peter Jackson. Can I have extension 3421? Operator: Certainly, hold on a minute, I'll put you through... Frank: Bob Peterson's office, Frank speaking. Peter: This is Peter Jackson calling, is Bob in? Frank: I'm afraid he's out at the moment. Can I take a message? Peter: Yes, Could you ask him to call me at . I need to talk to him about the Nuovo line, it's urgent. Frank: Could you repeat the number please? Peter: Yes, that's , and this is Peter Jackson. Frank: Thank you Mr Jackson, ...

Adverbs List: abandonedly, abasedly, abashedly, abatedly, abatingly, abbreviatedly, aberrantly, abeyantly, abhorrently, abidingly, abjectly, ably, abnormally, abominably, abortedly, about, abrasively, abruptly, absent-mindedly, absently, absentmindedly, absolutely, absorbantly, absorbedly, absorbingly, abstainedly, abstentiously, abstinently, abstractedly, abstractly, abstrusely, absurdly, abundantly, abusedly, abusively, abysmally, academically, acapella, acceptingly, accessibly, accidentally, acclamatorily, accommodatingly, accomplishedly, accordingly, accurately, accusatorily, accusingly, accustomably, acerbically, achingly, acidly, acknowledgingly, acquiescently, acquisitively, acridly, acrimoniously, acrobatically, actively, actually, acutely, adamantly, addictedly, addictively, additionally, adeptly, adequately, adherently, adhesively, adjacently, admirably, admiringly, admonishedly, admonishingly, adorably, adoringly, adroitly, adulatingly, adulterously, advantageously, advent...

ADVERBS OF MANNER Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object. Examples: •He swims well, (after the main verb) •He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly.. •She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively.. •James coughed loudly to attract her attention. •He plays the flute beautifully. (after the object) •He ate the chocolate cake greedily. BE CAREFUL! The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object: •He ate greedily the chocolate cake [incorrect] •He ate the chocolate cake greedily [correct] If there is a preposition before the object, e.g. at, towards, we can place the adverb either before the preposition or after the object. Example: •The child ran happily towards his mother. •The child ran towards his mother happily. Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis: •He gently woke the sleeping woman. Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to c...

KINDS OF ADVERBS There are several classes or 'kinds' of adverbs that we use for specific functions: Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of time Adverbs of certainty Adverbs of degree Interrogative adverbs RelativeKINDS OF ADVERBS There are several classes or 'kinds' of adverbs that we use for specific functions: 1)Adverbs of manner 2)Adverbs of place 3)Adverbs of time 4)Adverbs of certainty 5)Adverbs of degree 6)Interrogative adverbs 7)Relative adverbs 8)Viewpoint and commenting adverbs  adverbs

List of Descriptive Adjectives:  Descriptive adjectives can be divided into different categories such as colors, sizes, sound, taste, touch, shapes, qualities, time, personality and ages. The following lists provide a few examples of descriptive adjectives in each of their categories: •Colors are adjectives - list: black, blue, white, green, red •Sizes - list: big, small, large, thin, thick •Shapes- list: triangular, round, square, circular •Qualities- list: good, bad, mediocre •Personality - list: happy, sad, angry, depressed •Time - list: Yearly , monthly, annually •Ages - list: new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand •Sound related Adjectives - list: loud, noisy, quiet, silent •Touch related Adjectives - list: slippery, sticky •Taste related Adjectives - list: juicy, sweet The following list of common English adjectives can be further sorted into such categories for ease of use List of Adjectives The following List of Adjectives are in common use in the English lan...

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Noun: Noun is a name of a person, place, animal and things. 1.Ex:  Rahul is a name of a Person. 2.Hyd is a name of a place. 3.Tiger is a name of a Animal. 4.Table is a name of a Thing. Kind of Noun: 1) Common noun 2)Proper noun 3)Abstract noun 4)Collective noun  Common Noun: Common Noun is a name of a common person. Ex: Boy, girl, man, woman, oldman, oldwoman,etc. Proper Noun: Proper noun is a proper name of a person, place, and thing. Ex: India, Tiger, Table, Hyd. Abstract Noun: Abstract noun is a noun which cannto be seen or touch but we can fill it. Ex: Air, Knowledge, Honesty, Joy. Collective Noun: Collection of noun. Ex: Army- Collection of soldiers Libray- Collection of books. Pronouns: Pronouns is use instead of noun. Ex:I, we, you, they, he, she, it Ex: He takes tea He-pronoun Takes-verb Tea-object Adjective: words which are used to modify nons or pronouns are usually refered to as adjective Ex: He is a good boy (good is...